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cd39 antagonist  (Surface Oncology)

 
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    Structured Review

    Surface Oncology cd39 antagonist
    The two ectonucleotidases <t>CD39</t> and CD73 control the metabolic fate of ATP and adenosine in the extracellular environment. Extracellular ATP is converted into its metabolites ADP and AMP sequentially by CD39, which is then further metabolized to adenosine by CD73. Activated CD39/CD73/A2AR signaling within the TME will suppress the function of antitumor immune cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and DCs) but promote the activity of the regulatory immune cells (MDSCs and Tregs), thus giving rise to a immunosuppressive TME. Notes: TME: tumor microenvironment; NK: natural killer; DCs: dendritic cells; MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Treg: regulatory T cells; Th17: T helper 17 cells
    Cd39 Antagonist, supplied by Surface Oncology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/cd39+antagonist/pmc09979453-4-5-2?v=Surface+Oncology
    Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    cd39 antagonist - by Bioz Stars, 2026-07
    90/100 stars

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    1) Product Images from "CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway and cancer immunotherapy"

    Article Title: CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway and cancer immunotherapy

    Journal: Molecular Cancer

    doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01733-x

    The two ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 control the metabolic fate of ATP and adenosine in the extracellular environment. Extracellular ATP is converted into its metabolites ADP and AMP sequentially by CD39, which is then further metabolized to adenosine by CD73. Activated CD39/CD73/A2AR signaling within the TME will suppress the function of antitumor immune cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and DCs) but promote the activity of the regulatory immune cells (MDSCs and Tregs), thus giving rise to a immunosuppressive TME. Notes: TME: tumor microenvironment; NK: natural killer; DCs: dendritic cells; MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Treg: regulatory T cells; Th17: T helper 17 cells
    Figure Legend Snippet: The two ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 control the metabolic fate of ATP and adenosine in the extracellular environment. Extracellular ATP is converted into its metabolites ADP and AMP sequentially by CD39, which is then further metabolized to adenosine by CD73. Activated CD39/CD73/A2AR signaling within the TME will suppress the function of antitumor immune cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and DCs) but promote the activity of the regulatory immune cells (MDSCs and Tregs), thus giving rise to a immunosuppressive TME. Notes: TME: tumor microenvironment; NK: natural killer; DCs: dendritic cells; MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Treg: regulatory T cells; Th17: T helper 17 cells

    Techniques Used: Control, Activity Assay, Derivative Assay

    Gene-expression landscape of the three major components (CD39, CD73 and A2AR) in the adenosine signaling pathway in various solid cancer types. The Cancer Genome Altas (TCGA) analysis RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data of ENTPD1( A ), NT5E ( B ) and ADORA2A ( C ), encoding the proteins CD39, CD73, A2AR, respectively, in human cancers. Notes: LUAD: lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC: Lung squamous cell carcinoma; PRAD: Prostate; HNSC: Head and Neck squamous cell; KIRC: Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; UCEC: Uterinecorps Endometrial carcinoma; PCPG: Pheochromocytoma; LIHC: Liver hepatocellular carcinoma; COAD: Colon adenocarcinoma; READ: Rectum adenocarcinoma; PAAD: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma; BLCA: Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma; CESC: Cervical squamous cell carcinoma; CHOL: Cholangiocarcinoma; ESCA: Esophageal carcinoma; KICH: Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; KIRP: Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma; STAD: Stomach adenocarcinoma; THYM: Thyroid carcinoma; THCA: Thyroid carcinoma; BRCA: Breast invasive carcinoma; GBM: Glioblastoma multiforme. N = normal tissue; T = tumor specimen
    Figure Legend Snippet: Gene-expression landscape of the three major components (CD39, CD73 and A2AR) in the adenosine signaling pathway in various solid cancer types. The Cancer Genome Altas (TCGA) analysis RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data of ENTPD1( A ), NT5E ( B ) and ADORA2A ( C ), encoding the proteins CD39, CD73, A2AR, respectively, in human cancers. Notes: LUAD: lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC: Lung squamous cell carcinoma; PRAD: Prostate; HNSC: Head and Neck squamous cell; KIRC: Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; UCEC: Uterinecorps Endometrial carcinoma; PCPG: Pheochromocytoma; LIHC: Liver hepatocellular carcinoma; COAD: Colon adenocarcinoma; READ: Rectum adenocarcinoma; PAAD: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma; BLCA: Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma; CESC: Cervical squamous cell carcinoma; CHOL: Cholangiocarcinoma; ESCA: Esophageal carcinoma; KICH: Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; KIRP: Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma; STAD: Stomach adenocarcinoma; THYM: Thyroid carcinoma; THCA: Thyroid carcinoma; BRCA: Breast invasive carcinoma; GBM: Glioblastoma multiforme. N = normal tissue; T = tumor specimen

    Techniques Used: Gene Expression, RNA Sequencing

    Investigation of monoclonal antibodies or small molecule inhibitors targeting the CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway in clinical trials. ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ )
    Figure Legend Snippet: Investigation of monoclonal antibodies or small molecule inhibitors targeting the CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway in clinical trials. ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ )

    Techniques Used: Bioprocessing, Clinical Proteomics

    Combinations of CD39/CD73/A2AR inhibitors and other cancer therapies under investigation in clinical trials ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ )
    Figure Legend Snippet: Combinations of CD39/CD73/A2AR inhibitors and other cancer therapies under investigation in clinical trials ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ )

    Techniques Used: Clinical Proteomics

    Biomarkers related to the CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway in cancer
    Figure Legend Snippet: Biomarkers related to the CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway in cancer

    Techniques Used: Gene Expression, Expressing, Activity Assay, Diagnostic Assay, Biomarker Discovery, Blocking Assay



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    The two ectonucleotidases <t>CD39</t> and CD73 control the metabolic fate of ATP and adenosine in the extracellular environment. Extracellular ATP is converted into its metabolites ADP and AMP sequentially by CD39, which is then further metabolized to adenosine by CD73. Activated CD39/CD73/A2AR signaling within the TME will suppress the function of antitumor immune cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and DCs) but promote the activity of the regulatory immune cells (MDSCs and Tregs), thus giving rise to a immunosuppressive TME. Notes: TME: tumor microenvironment; NK: natural killer; DCs: dendritic cells; MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Treg: regulatory T cells; Th17: T helper 17 cells
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    The two ectonucleotidases <t>CD39</t> and CD73 control the metabolic fate of ATP and adenosine in the extracellular environment. Extracellular ATP is converted into its metabolites ADP and AMP sequentially by CD39, which is then further metabolized to adenosine by CD73. Activated CD39/CD73/A2AR signaling within the TME will suppress the function of antitumor immune cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and DCs) but promote the activity of the regulatory immune cells (MDSCs and Tregs), thus giving rise to a immunosuppressive TME. Notes: TME: tumor microenvironment; NK: natural killer; DCs: dendritic cells; MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Treg: regulatory T cells; Th17: T helper 17 cells
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    The two ectonucleotidases <t>CD39</t> and CD73 control the metabolic fate of ATP and adenosine in the extracellular environment. Extracellular ATP is converted into its metabolites ADP and AMP sequentially by CD39, which is then further metabolized to adenosine by CD73. Activated CD39/CD73/A2AR signaling within the TME will suppress the function of antitumor immune cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and DCs) but promote the activity of the regulatory immune cells (MDSCs and Tregs), thus giving rise to a immunosuppressive TME. Notes: TME: tumor microenvironment; NK: natural killer; DCs: dendritic cells; MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Treg: regulatory T cells; Th17: T helper 17 cells
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    Antagonists of ectonucleotidases <t>CD39</t> and CD73 affect the activity of Tregs to synthesize adenosine from ATP. (a) Tregs (3 × 10 4 /well) were incubated in 96-well plates for 30 min with vehicle (DMSO), 250 μ Μ <t>ARL67156</t> (CD39 antagonist), α , β -methylene-ADP (CD73 antagonist) (100 μ M), or ARL67156 + α , β -methylene-ADP, a negative control without the Treg and treated with an equal volume of vehicle. Then, exogenous ATP (20 μ M) was added, and the concentration of unhydrolyzed ATP was detected 10 to 100 min after treatment ( ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 vs Tregs). (b) The concentration of adenosine was also detected 10 to 100 min after treatment ( ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 vs Tregs). In ANOVA, all experiments are repeated at least five times.
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    Image Search Results


    The two ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 control the metabolic fate of ATP and adenosine in the extracellular environment. Extracellular ATP is converted into its metabolites ADP and AMP sequentially by CD39, which is then further metabolized to adenosine by CD73. Activated CD39/CD73/A2AR signaling within the TME will suppress the function of antitumor immune cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and DCs) but promote the activity of the regulatory immune cells (MDSCs and Tregs), thus giving rise to a immunosuppressive TME. Notes: TME: tumor microenvironment; NK: natural killer; DCs: dendritic cells; MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Treg: regulatory T cells; Th17: T helper 17 cells

    Journal: Molecular Cancer

    Article Title: CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway and cancer immunotherapy

    doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01733-x

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The two ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 control the metabolic fate of ATP and adenosine in the extracellular environment. Extracellular ATP is converted into its metabolites ADP and AMP sequentially by CD39, which is then further metabolized to adenosine by CD73. Activated CD39/CD73/A2AR signaling within the TME will suppress the function of antitumor immune cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and DCs) but promote the activity of the regulatory immune cells (MDSCs and Tregs), thus giving rise to a immunosuppressive TME. Notes: TME: tumor microenvironment; NK: natural killer; DCs: dendritic cells; MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Treg: regulatory T cells; Th17: T helper 17 cells

    Article Snippet: SRF617 , Surface Oncology , CD39 antagonist , Phase I , NCT04336098.

    Techniques: Control, Activity Assay, Derivative Assay

    Gene-expression landscape of the three major components (CD39, CD73 and A2AR) in the adenosine signaling pathway in various solid cancer types. The Cancer Genome Altas (TCGA) analysis RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data of ENTPD1( A ), NT5E ( B ) and ADORA2A ( C ), encoding the proteins CD39, CD73, A2AR, respectively, in human cancers. Notes: LUAD: lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC: Lung squamous cell carcinoma; PRAD: Prostate; HNSC: Head and Neck squamous cell; KIRC: Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; UCEC: Uterinecorps Endometrial carcinoma; PCPG: Pheochromocytoma; LIHC: Liver hepatocellular carcinoma; COAD: Colon adenocarcinoma; READ: Rectum adenocarcinoma; PAAD: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma; BLCA: Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma; CESC: Cervical squamous cell carcinoma; CHOL: Cholangiocarcinoma; ESCA: Esophageal carcinoma; KICH: Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; KIRP: Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma; STAD: Stomach adenocarcinoma; THYM: Thyroid carcinoma; THCA: Thyroid carcinoma; BRCA: Breast invasive carcinoma; GBM: Glioblastoma multiforme. N = normal tissue; T = tumor specimen

    Journal: Molecular Cancer

    Article Title: CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway and cancer immunotherapy

    doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01733-x

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Gene-expression landscape of the three major components (CD39, CD73 and A2AR) in the adenosine signaling pathway in various solid cancer types. The Cancer Genome Altas (TCGA) analysis RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data of ENTPD1( A ), NT5E ( B ) and ADORA2A ( C ), encoding the proteins CD39, CD73, A2AR, respectively, in human cancers. Notes: LUAD: lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC: Lung squamous cell carcinoma; PRAD: Prostate; HNSC: Head and Neck squamous cell; KIRC: Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; UCEC: Uterinecorps Endometrial carcinoma; PCPG: Pheochromocytoma; LIHC: Liver hepatocellular carcinoma; COAD: Colon adenocarcinoma; READ: Rectum adenocarcinoma; PAAD: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma; BLCA: Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma; CESC: Cervical squamous cell carcinoma; CHOL: Cholangiocarcinoma; ESCA: Esophageal carcinoma; KICH: Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; KIRP: Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma; STAD: Stomach adenocarcinoma; THYM: Thyroid carcinoma; THCA: Thyroid carcinoma; BRCA: Breast invasive carcinoma; GBM: Glioblastoma multiforme. N = normal tissue; T = tumor specimen

    Article Snippet: SRF617 , Surface Oncology , CD39 antagonist , Phase I , NCT04336098.

    Techniques: Gene Expression, RNA Sequencing

    Investigation of monoclonal antibodies or small molecule inhibitors targeting the CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway in clinical trials. ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ )

    Journal: Molecular Cancer

    Article Title: CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway and cancer immunotherapy

    doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01733-x

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Investigation of monoclonal antibodies or small molecule inhibitors targeting the CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway in clinical trials. ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ )

    Article Snippet: SRF617 , Surface Oncology , CD39 antagonist , Phase I , NCT04336098.

    Techniques: Bioprocessing, Clinical Proteomics

    Combinations of CD39/CD73/A2AR inhibitors and other cancer therapies under investigation in clinical trials ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ )

    Journal: Molecular Cancer

    Article Title: CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway and cancer immunotherapy

    doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01733-x

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Combinations of CD39/CD73/A2AR inhibitors and other cancer therapies under investigation in clinical trials ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ )

    Article Snippet: SRF617 , Surface Oncology , CD39 antagonist , Phase I , NCT04336098.

    Techniques: Clinical Proteomics

    Biomarkers related to the CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway in cancer

    Journal: Molecular Cancer

    Article Title: CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway and cancer immunotherapy

    doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01733-x

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Biomarkers related to the CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway in cancer

    Article Snippet: SRF617 , Surface Oncology , CD39 antagonist , Phase I , NCT04336098.

    Techniques: Gene Expression, Expressing, Activity Assay, Diagnostic Assay, Biomarker Discovery, Blocking Assay

    The two ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 control the metabolic fate of ATP and adenosine in the extracellular environment. Extracellular ATP is converted into its metabolites ADP and AMP sequentially by CD39, which is then further metabolized to adenosine by CD73. Activated CD39/CD73/A2AR signaling within the TME will suppress the function of antitumor immune cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and DCs) but promote the activity of the regulatory immune cells (MDSCs and Tregs), thus giving rise to a immunosuppressive TME. Notes: TME: tumor microenvironment; NK: natural killer; DCs: dendritic cells; MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Treg: regulatory T cells; Th17: T helper 17 cells

    Journal: Molecular Cancer

    Article Title: CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway and cancer immunotherapy

    doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01733-x

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The two ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 control the metabolic fate of ATP and adenosine in the extracellular environment. Extracellular ATP is converted into its metabolites ADP and AMP sequentially by CD39, which is then further metabolized to adenosine by CD73. Activated CD39/CD73/A2AR signaling within the TME will suppress the function of antitumor immune cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and DCs) but promote the activity of the regulatory immune cells (MDSCs and Tregs), thus giving rise to a immunosuppressive TME. Notes: TME: tumor microenvironment; NK: natural killer; DCs: dendritic cells; MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Treg: regulatory T cells; Th17: T helper 17 cells

    Article Snippet: IPH5201 , MedImmune LLC , CD39 antagonist , Phase I , NCT04261075.

    Techniques: Control, Activity Assay, Derivative Assay

    Gene-expression landscape of the three major components (CD39, CD73 and A2AR) in the adenosine signaling pathway in various solid cancer types. The Cancer Genome Altas (TCGA) analysis RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data of ENTPD1( A ), NT5E ( B ) and ADORA2A ( C ), encoding the proteins CD39, CD73, A2AR, respectively, in human cancers. Notes: LUAD: lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC: Lung squamous cell carcinoma; PRAD: Prostate; HNSC: Head and Neck squamous cell; KIRC: Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; UCEC: Uterinecorps Endometrial carcinoma; PCPG: Pheochromocytoma; LIHC: Liver hepatocellular carcinoma; COAD: Colon adenocarcinoma; READ: Rectum adenocarcinoma; PAAD: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma; BLCA: Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma; CESC: Cervical squamous cell carcinoma; CHOL: Cholangiocarcinoma; ESCA: Esophageal carcinoma; KICH: Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; KIRP: Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma; STAD: Stomach adenocarcinoma; THYM: Thyroid carcinoma; THCA: Thyroid carcinoma; BRCA: Breast invasive carcinoma; GBM: Glioblastoma multiforme. N = normal tissue; T = tumor specimen

    Journal: Molecular Cancer

    Article Title: CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway and cancer immunotherapy

    doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01733-x

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Gene-expression landscape of the three major components (CD39, CD73 and A2AR) in the adenosine signaling pathway in various solid cancer types. The Cancer Genome Altas (TCGA) analysis RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data of ENTPD1( A ), NT5E ( B ) and ADORA2A ( C ), encoding the proteins CD39, CD73, A2AR, respectively, in human cancers. Notes: LUAD: lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC: Lung squamous cell carcinoma; PRAD: Prostate; HNSC: Head and Neck squamous cell; KIRC: Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; UCEC: Uterinecorps Endometrial carcinoma; PCPG: Pheochromocytoma; LIHC: Liver hepatocellular carcinoma; COAD: Colon adenocarcinoma; READ: Rectum adenocarcinoma; PAAD: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma; BLCA: Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma; CESC: Cervical squamous cell carcinoma; CHOL: Cholangiocarcinoma; ESCA: Esophageal carcinoma; KICH: Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; KIRP: Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma; STAD: Stomach adenocarcinoma; THYM: Thyroid carcinoma; THCA: Thyroid carcinoma; BRCA: Breast invasive carcinoma; GBM: Glioblastoma multiforme. N = normal tissue; T = tumor specimen

    Article Snippet: IPH5201 , MedImmune LLC , CD39 antagonist , Phase I , NCT04261075.

    Techniques: Gene Expression, RNA Sequencing

    Investigation of monoclonal antibodies or small molecule inhibitors targeting the CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway in clinical trials. ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ )

    Journal: Molecular Cancer

    Article Title: CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway and cancer immunotherapy

    doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01733-x

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Investigation of monoclonal antibodies or small molecule inhibitors targeting the CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway in clinical trials. ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ )

    Article Snippet: IPH5201 , MedImmune LLC , CD39 antagonist , Phase I , NCT04261075.

    Techniques: Bioprocessing, Clinical Proteomics

    Combinations of CD39/CD73/A2AR inhibitors and other cancer therapies under investigation in clinical trials ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ )

    Journal: Molecular Cancer

    Article Title: CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway and cancer immunotherapy

    doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01733-x

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Combinations of CD39/CD73/A2AR inhibitors and other cancer therapies under investigation in clinical trials ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ )

    Article Snippet: IPH5201 , MedImmune LLC , CD39 antagonist , Phase I , NCT04261075.

    Techniques: Clinical Proteomics

    Biomarkers related to the CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway in cancer

    Journal: Molecular Cancer

    Article Title: CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway and cancer immunotherapy

    doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01733-x

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Biomarkers related to the CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway in cancer

    Article Snippet: IPH5201 , MedImmune LLC , CD39 antagonist , Phase I , NCT04261075.

    Techniques: Gene Expression, Expressing, Activity Assay, Diagnostic Assay, Biomarker Discovery, Blocking Assay

    Antagonists of ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 affect the activity of Tregs to synthesize adenosine from ATP. (a) Tregs (3 × 10 4 /well) were incubated in 96-well plates for 30 min with vehicle (DMSO), 250 μ Μ ARL67156 (CD39 antagonist), α , β -methylene-ADP (CD73 antagonist) (100 μ M), or ARL67156 + α , β -methylene-ADP, a negative control without the Treg and treated with an equal volume of vehicle. Then, exogenous ATP (20 μ M) was added, and the concentration of unhydrolyzed ATP was detected 10 to 100 min after treatment ( ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 vs Tregs). (b) The concentration of adenosine was also detected 10 to 100 min after treatment ( ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 vs Tregs). In ANOVA, all experiments are repeated at least five times.

    Journal: BioMed Research International

    Article Title: Adenosine Generated by Regulatory T Cells Induces CD8 + T Cell Exhaustion in Gastric Cancer through A2aR Pathway

    doi: 10.1155/2019/4093214

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Antagonists of ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 affect the activity of Tregs to synthesize adenosine from ATP. (a) Tregs (3 × 10 4 /well) were incubated in 96-well plates for 30 min with vehicle (DMSO), 250 μ Μ ARL67156 (CD39 antagonist), α , β -methylene-ADP (CD73 antagonist) (100 μ M), or ARL67156 + α , β -methylene-ADP, a negative control without the Treg and treated with an equal volume of vehicle. Then, exogenous ATP (20 μ M) was added, and the concentration of unhydrolyzed ATP was detected 10 to 100 min after treatment ( ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 vs Tregs). (b) The concentration of adenosine was also detected 10 to 100 min after treatment ( ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 vs Tregs). In ANOVA, all experiments are repeated at least five times.

    Article Snippet: ARL67156 (CD39 antagonist) was obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). α , β -Methylene-ADP (CD73 antagonist) was obtained from Santa Cruz (Delaware Ave, USA).

    Techniques: Activity Assay, Incubation, Negative Control, Concentration Assay